International Law is not really law

International law entails principles and rules that govern relations among countries, individuals, and organisations. It also has public international law that deals specifically with rights among different states and various citizens of different states. On the other hand, private international law looks at disputes among private individuals, natural or juridical, which occur among parties of different nations. In some cases, the line between public and private international laws has become unclear.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Law is not really law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Australia operates under the federal system of laws. This makes its relation to international law a complex affair. Enforcement of international law in Australia has met challenges. However, we must understand that enforcement alone does not determine the extent of what the term law means. This is because, in some cas es, domestic laws may also be unenforceable. In the recent case of Jenton Overseas Investment Pte Ltd v Townsing [2008] VSC 470 (11 November 2008), the Supreme Court of Victoria offered an essential observation of how the uses Foreign Judgement Act 1991 may affect enforcement of international law.1 The Judge turned down an application from a foreign country (Singapore). He observed that Australian courts are reluctant to invoke public policy as an avenue for refusing enforcement or recognition of foreign judgement. Australian courts have not recognised or enforced foreign judgement on this basis. The main reason is the â€Å"interest of comity’ to maintain† (mutual respect among sovereign states) (Foreign Judgment Act 1991). This happens when courts observe the Foreign Judgment Act. In this regard, enforcement and registration are only relevant on the grounds that are ‘significant reciprocity of treatment’ of Australian judgement in a foreign country. The courts also observe this because of public policy volatility. In this sense, a repugnant law may exist or repugnant applications of such laws may occur; thus, offending public policy. However, such cases only occur in crucial cases where there are offenses of laws of Australia public policy. Despite such challenges, Australia wants to enhance enforcement of international law. This is an attempt to understand various laws from different nations, legal procedures, and institutions in areas of international laws. Australia planned to enhance this approach through establishing institutions, training, and legal exchanges. In the international front, Australia has signed several treaties relating to international law on areas of social security, trade, shipping, security, non-proliferation, and defence among others. These treaties form the basis of international law. However, the country experiences challenges in enforcing such laws due to its federal system.Advertising Looking for e ssay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The federal system provides an opportunity for opposing parties to opt for arbitral laws instead of relying on Model Law based on the International Commercial Arbitration of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). This is a significant source of challenge to application of international law in Australia where various laws of different nations interact. Another source of a challenge lies in the appeal or review powers of different states with regard to Commercial Arbitration Acts. Recent trends also indicate the process is litigious and reflect those of court processes. These technical issues make application of international law in Australia difficult. In 2009, the federal government of Australia has realised such technical, legal challenges and consequently introduced a bill so as to change the relevance of international law in the countr y.2 This bill seeks to repeal section 21 of the International Arbitration Act 1974 (Cth). The section has allowed parties to disregard application of Model Law. The bill also seeks to repeal loophole that allow parties to â€Å"nominate an alternative arbitral tribunal† under the International Commercial Arbitration in Australia. This implies that State and Territory laws shall only operate in the domestic cases. This bill shall transform the relevance of international law in Australia as it seeks to eliminate legal challenges that arise from the federal system. The process has also not been so efficient in Australia such as in the area of confidentiality. International law requires states to comply with certain conditions in enforcement with regard to individuals. Thus, it is an offence for a nation to treat a foreigner in a way that violates provisions of the international law. The challenge lies in lack of a relevant agreement that a foreigner can use to complain before th e international tribunal. However, a country can raise such issues. Nations are not under any obligation to enforce such rights. This implies a nation can choose to enforce or not to enforce such law. Such observations lead scholars to conclude that international law is never a law. This is because countries which formulate such international law, through treaties and conventions, do not recognise or treat international law as law in their countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Law is not really law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite such challenges to international law, we must recognise that the law is applicable and works in all states. Nations must recognise it, and adhere to set benchmarks. In this regard, Australia has recognised its relevancy in areas of peace, development, human rights, and democracy. Australia must comply with such international law so as to safe its self-interes t and on the ground of reciprocity. We can argue â€Å"that the Commonwealth only enters into an international obligation because doing so is relevant, therefore, important to the advancement of the interests of Australia†.3 This is so because Australia needs to address matters of international cooperation and of common concerns. In case Australia fails to fulfil needs of international law, it becomes an issue of international interest and disapproval. In this context, most states observe international law even if such observations are mundane in nature, and have less impact relative to national law. This also explains why Australian lawyers practice international law before domestic courts.4 We cannot ignore functions of courts in enforcement of laws. Australian courts are important in facilitating enactment and enforcement of international law. Thus, Australian courts should not be hostile in enforcement of international law through facilitation, interpretation, and impleme ntation, but should harmonise its law with those of other countries. Other jurisdictions may have high regards of judgements of Australian courts; thus, enhancing enforcement of international law. The sources and evidence of international law Decisions of the United Nations Human Rights Committee (HRC) in cases brought by individuals against Argentina, France and Gabon involving Article 17 issues Article 17 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honour and reputation (UN HCR 1988). Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks (UN HCR 1988). The UN Human Rights Committee (HRC) has Counter-Terrorism Strategy that the General Assembly has recognised in the resolution of 64/297. According to the UN, states terrorist acts can destroy human rights, democracy, and freedom. In addition, such measure may violate or prejudice the rule of law a nd human rights. Thus, observing human rights can address factors responsible for the spread of terrorism. Still, effective counter-terrorism acts and human rights protection are necessary for combating terrorism. As a result, the HRC has â€Å"ten best practices† for combating terrorism. According to HCR, ‘best practices’ reflect legal and institutional provisions that enhance promotion and protection of human rights and the law in all various cases of counter-terrorism.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Best practices also cover benchmarks of the international law, human rights, and all aspects of a country’s legally binding conditions. Best practices can be existing, emerging, required, and recommended among international bodies and domestic courts. Such practices must also relate and promote effective fight against terrorism. Best practices must also comply with human rights, enhance the enjoyment of human rights, and fundamental freedom.5 A UN General Assembly resolution on the right to privacy A UN General Assembly resolution on the right to privacy indicated that International human rights law condoned invasion of privacy where it was mandatory for legal reasons, and performed with agreeable dignity. For instance, in the US (United States v United States District Court, 1972), the Supreme Court ruled that it was illegal to carry out surveillance of a US citizen without a warrant even if the operation benefits a nation’s national security. However, in reference to ICCPR Article 17, invading individual’s privacy without a warrant is tantamount to interference with an individual’s privacy the law does not allow; thus, such actions are unlawful. A general comment by the UN HRC on Article 17 A general comment by the UN HRC on Article 17 is in General Comment No. 16 (04/08/1988). It has provisions on the right to â€Å"respect of privacy, family, home and correspondence, and protection of honour and reputation† (UN HCR 1988). It protects people against unauthorised or arbitrary interference with individual privacy from the state or other bodies. In this context, every country should uphold the UN HRC provision whether such interferences originate from the state, lawyers, or natural persons. Therefore, countries should enact laws that guard against such interferences so as to protect individual rights. A decision of the Supreme Court of New Zealand, which upheld the compatibility of their law with international human rights st andards A decision of the Supreme Court of New Zealand, which upheld the compatibility of their laws with international human rights standards rely on the provision of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. New Zealand observes that such laws have same provisions as those of the Australia law of statutory interpretation. This also applies to Section III of the British Act that needs the court to interpret the law in a way that is compatible with Convention rights. There may be ambiguity in interpretation, but the jurisprudence in New Zealand can provide guidance, in the use of the common legislation in Australia. An article written by Professor George Williams, a leading expert on anti-terror laws Professor George Williams, a leading expert on anti-terror laws, observed that Australia passed several anti-terror laws after the 9/11 attacks. The country passed at least one anti-terrorism law after every seven weeks. The Professor observed †It would be unthinkable, if not const itutionally impossible, in nations such as the United States and Canada to restrict freedom of speech in the manner achieved by Australia’s 2005 sedition laws†.6 At the same time, Australia also empowered ASIO to detain and interrogate â€Å"non-suspect citizens† for a period of one week. He notes that such approach to anti-terrorism was unique among Australia comparable legal systems. In addition, the country’s Federal Parliamentary committee on intelligence and security also embarked on a mission of reviewing over 40 proposals that seek to increase the country’s intelligence-gathering power. On his view, such tough anti-terrorism laws were unnecessary and draconian. A report published by Human Rights Watch examining New Zealand’s anti-terrorism laws and their compliance with international human rights standards A report published by Human Rights Watch examining New Zealand’s anti-terrorism laws and their compliance with international human rights standards (2010) showed that national security (counterterrorism) measures impacted on the enjoyment of human rights. For instance, in 2007, the police used heavy-handed tactics to arrest suspected terrorists (Maori Terrorism suspects). In this regard, New Zealand has recognised that it has a different constitution from the rest of the world, but was working to enhance provisions of human rights both nationally and internationally. These rights are in the Human Rights Act 1993, and New Zealand Bill of Rights Act of 1990. In 2009, the country noted that provision of human rights was mandatory so as to enhance the country’s credibility and promotes its international reputation. The US had criticised New Zealand for weak counter-terrorism law. In this regard, the country decided to toughen its anti-terrorism law. The Terrorism Suppression Act 2002, according to New Zealand’s Solicitor General was incomprehensible. This means the Court could not prefer terror ism charges against the accused. This is a clear violation of human rights. However, the state still maintained some charges related possession of illegal firearms and grouping among others. In 2010, the state had â€Å"Urewera 18† in custody awaiting trials. This is after three years since the court charged them. In this case, the Appeal Court of New Zealand ruled that the â€Å"Urewera 18† were to face trial without a jury. No one knows the reasons behind such decisions. The police faced criticism for such arrests, but it tries to maintain its dignity through insisting that such suspects must face trial related to organised crimes. Bibliography International Arbitration Amendment Bill 2009 (Cth). Jenton Overseas Investment Pte Ltd v Townsing [2008] VSC 470. Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen [1982] HCA 27 [13]. Law Society of New South Wales (Young Lawyers), The Practitioner’s Guide to International Law (New South Wales Young Lawyers International Law Committee, 2010) . United Nations Human Rights Council, A/HRC/16/51, [22 December 2010]. Williams, George, ‘A Decade of Australian Anti-Terror Laws’ (2011) 35 Melbourne University Law Review 1137-1175. Footnotes 1 Jenton Overseas Investment Pte Ltd v Townsing [2008] VSC 470. 2 International Arbitration Amendment Bill 2009 (Cth). 3 Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen [1982] HCA 27 [13]. 4 Law Society of New South Wales (Young Lawyers), The Practitioner’s Guide to International Law (New South Wales Young Lawyers International Law Committee, 2010). 5 United Nations Human Rights Council, A/HRC/16/51, [2010] 6 George Williams, ‘A Decade of Australian Anti-Terror Laws’ (2011) 35 Melbourne University Law Review 1137-1175 This essay on International Law is not really law was written and submitted by user Jonathon Mccall to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

GDP Expenditure Categories

GDP Expenditure Categories Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is generally thought of as a measure of an economys aggregate output or income, but, as it turns out, GDP also represents aggregate expenditure on an economys goods and services. Economists divide the spending on an economys goods and services into four components: Consumption, Investment, Government Purchases, and Net Exports. Consumption (C) Consumption, represented by the letter C, is the amount that households (i.e. not businesses or the government) spend on new goods and services. The one exception to this rule is housing since expenditure on new housing is placed in the investment category. This category counts all consumption spending regardless of whether the spending is on domestic or foreign goods and services, and the consumption of foreign goods is corrected for in the net exports category. Investment (I) Investment, represented by the letter I, is the amount that households and businesses spend on items that are used to make more goods and services. The most common form of investment is in capital equipment for businesses, but its important to remember that households purchases of new housing also counts as investment for GDP purposes. Like consumption, investment expenditure can be used to purchase capital and other items from either domestic or foreign producer, and this is corrected for in the net exports category. Inventory is another common investment category for businesses since items that are produced but not sold in a given time period are considered as having been purchased by the company that made them. Therefore, the accumulation of inventory is considered positive investment, and the liquidation of existing inventory is counted as negative investment. Government Purchases (G) In addition to households and businesses, the government can also consume goods and services and invest in capital and other items. These government purchases are represented by the letter G in the expenditure calculation. Its important to keep in mind that only government spending that goes towards producing goods and services is counted in this category, and transfer payments such as welfare and social security are not counted as government purchases for the purposes of GDP, mainly because transfer payments do not directly correspond to any type of production. Net Exports (NX) Net Exports, represented by NX, is simply equal to the amount of exports in an economy (X) minus the number of imports in that economy (IM), where exports are goods and services produced domestically but sold to foreigners and imports are goods and services produced by foreigners but purchased domestically. In other words, NX X - IM. Net exports is an important component of GDP for two reasons. First, items that are produced domestically and sold to foreigners should be counted in GDP, since these exports represent domestic production. Second, imports should be subtracted out from GDP since they represent foreign rather than domestic production but were allowed to sneak into the consumption, investment and government purchases categories. Putting the expenditure components together yields one of the most well-known macroeconomic identities: Y C I G NX In this equation, Y represents real GDP (i.e. domestic output, income, or expenditure on domestic goods and services) and the items on the right-hand side of the equation represent the components of expenditure listed above. In the US, consumption tends to be the largest component of GDP by far, followed by government purchases and then investment. Net exports tend to be negative because  the US typically imports more than it exports.

Subculture identity how the tradidiontal costume keeps their own Essay

Subculture identity how the tradidiontal costume keeps their own culture nowadays - Essay Example Hence, a historical back ground of various sub culture identities such as Greeks, Japanese, Arabs, Indians and etc along with their culture costume characteristic is being discussed in this article. Furthermore, it's greatly shedding light on latest outfits of various sub culture identities and presenting several opinions of writers regarding how to keep that traditional culture costume alive in joyful manner. In order to describe how the traditional costumes of Greeks was reminiscent of question arises from the frequent consideration. Basically, the frequent consideration (Vrelli-Zaxou 1994) is that long-established costume is definitely the costume. However, it characterizes the individuality of a farming culture and on the other hand it articulate the connection flanked by an individual and the civilization. Giselis (1974) inscribe that the set of clothes is a representation of the particular crowd and not of its wearer's character which underneath force may be required to match to the mutual strength. It should be noted that it is not simple to differentiate oneself commencing the group of people with a costume (Vrelli-Zaxou 1994), while the civilization itself stimulate the method of communal control and permit forcing a potential outlook modernizer to come back to the array. The major feature of folk set of clothes is to facilitate generally acknowledged by the preponderance (Vrelli -Zaxou 1994). Moreover, it cannot fail to notice the information to facilitate the remark as costume. which is a strange remark pro the Greek, is derivative since the English remark 'costume' and its doublet 'custom', which into their twirls are source of Latin consuetude 'habit' Each and every from the above is resultant from the information that each consign possess its own costume. The ordinary difference by more than a few writers (e.g. Roubis 1995) links the set of clothes of the residents of hilly regions and those existing on the plains, and as well as among the outfits of the islanders and the residents of mainland, is no longer applicable. Since study has shown that a century before rural communities illustrated themselves from others with a quality costume (Hatzimichali 1925). In addition, traditional civilization a costume might have contained a variety of utilities. Solitary of its utility was to replicate the modification of the exertion time and as well as the holiday plus the days of time off. They fluctuate morphologically as distant as the excellence and beautification is Apprehensive (Kyriakidou-Nestoros 1989). The set of clothes for daily practice is very realistic in its dim colors and with no at all sewing and attractive elements. On the other hand, joyful clothing is traditionally wealthy in colors and decoration. The joyful costume is extensively worn in official dancing and at carnivals through out the entire Greece. Furthermore, there are certainly some areas where a unique and special set of clothes is worn for special occasions. It should be noted that in the rural community of Nesting, Arcadias (Vrelli-Zaxou 1994) males put on the tsipianitiko shirt where as women put on asprofoustano, a definite type of pallid dress, in Sirako, Paros (Dimas 1993) firm pastoral shoes are worn out on festive and

Management of Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management of Technology - Essay Example One of the most pressing issues that Carnegie faces as an international firm is the issue with currency. Carnegie has been impacted by foreign currency fluctuations and interest rate changes. This has created a situation where international firms like Carnegie have to be very cautious financially. Tracking certain economic factors is also important during the development of your plan. A variable such as determining the optimal deployment date of a very expensive advertising campaign is critical. By tracking the economic status of the market you intend to do business, you are able more accurately predict consumer response. The following are some of the most commonly tracked economic indicators and what they measure: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total market value of all goods and services produced within a country during a given period of time, usually one year. Consumer Price Index (CPI) is an index that measures changes in the price of a basket of typical consumer goods. Society shapes our beliefs, values, and norms. People absorb, almost unconsciously, a worldview that defines their relationships to themselves, to others, to organizations, to society, to nature, and to the universe. Carnegie offers a very Marxian approach to the matter: the necessity for people to collaborate together as a group and face and subsequently confront the problems of class inequalities which are determined around the composition of the relations of power which consistently underplay the importance of the sense of justice in the society has certainly not decreased. Political: The political and legal environment is composed of laws, government agencies, and special interest groups that strongly influence the risks associated with marketing decisions. The main issue Carnegie has had to content with revolves around labor malpractice allegations. Carnegie has been involved in many lawsuits that also threaten its reputation; however, it has not been indicted in any of these said lawsuits. Technological: Technology is so important to Carnegie that they incorporated it into their mission statement. In the mission statement, technology is inferred in the word "innovation". To foster this innovation the company pours enormous sums of money into research and development to keep Carnegie on the cutting edge; symptomatic of an entrenched belief within itself that "As human potential evolves, so must our products, we must be committed to the very best performance product. Products of pure imagination, products that move the needle of performance, and products that help us be the athletes we know we are." (Carnegie Corporation, 2009) Ecological: Having an ecological awareness has

Globalization Impact on Public Services in Egypt Research Proposal

Globalization Impact on Public Services in Egypt - Research Proposal Example 5.1.2. The Importance of Globalization for the Civil Society Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter intends to present to the reader a general introduction to the subject of research as well as the related topics of research such as the impact of International Trade Organization rules and regulations on the public service of Egypt as a developing country. 1.1. The Research Problem Globalization is synonymous to international trade liberalization which has become a by-word among importers and exporters in the world of business economics yet there is still a need for categorizing its impact on regional public services especially in Egypt. Specifically, the investigator will be directed to answer the following questions: 1. What is the significant relationship between globalisation and public service 2. What are the rules of the ITO for internationalizing the provision of Public Service 3. What are the effects of internationalizing the main public service such as education, health, and infrastructure projects 4. What are the impacts of globalization on public services of Egypt 1.2. Objectives of the Study In view of the preceding discussions, this study then broadly aims to provide a perspective of the impact of globalization on public services in Egypt. To facilitate the achievement of this objective, this research will attempt to attain the following specific operational objectives: To determine the significant relationship between globalisation and public service. To state the rules of the ITO for internationalizing the provision of Public Service. To investigate the effects of internationalizing the main public service such as education sector, health sector and infrastructure... The data of this study will be collected from the online data series such as http://stats.oecd.org/OECD Stat _Metadata, GATT, WTO and ITO. This will be collected to investigate effect of globalization to the public services (health sector, education, and infrastructure) in Egypt. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade has evolved into what is now World Trade Organization. Practically, the major factor for the realization of globalization is the recently developed WTO. World trade organization broke all the barriers of international trade. It liberalized traffic of goods and services import ad exports. Globalization increased the number of economic sectors, allowing the activities of trans-national entities, and reducing tariffs on merchandize (Landau 2004). It now includes services and intellectual properties. Also it enhanced the strengthening of individual member country's economic policies. The World Trade Organization members who are considered as the vector of globalization failed to draft a new policy as to international trade. But, this has been considered to be a minimal threat to spontaneous bubbles in protectionism which usually results to economic collapse (Deutsch and Speyer 2001). The different sectors of the society's participation in the globalization process would largely be dependent on many factors like profession, nature of trade, whether in terms of services or in goods.

Freuds psychoanalytic theory of a personality

Freuds psychoanalytic theory of a personality Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality In the field of therapy, psychoanalysis assumes that an individuals behavior and emotions are a result of an assortment of factors that the individual is unaware. Sigmund Freud is mostly accredited as the pioneer of this field with most of his theories finding acceptance by most psychological schools of thought. In his book titled An Outline of Psychoanalysis, Freud explains that psychoanalysis finds its foundation on the id, the ego and the superego, as the forces behind the physical apparatus. Freud explains that the id consists of what is inherited, instincts and it is characterized as being unconscious. The ego on the other hand as Freud further explains, is characterized as being conscious and it is the force which â€Å"acts as the intermediary between the id and the external world† (Freud, 1989, p.14). The principals characteristics of the ego as Freud (1989) describes them, include the ability to perform voluntary movements when it is required, preserving itself such as creating a sense of awareness to stimuli by storing them in the â€Å"memory†, escaping excessive stimuli by â€Å"flight†, or dealing with reasonable stimuli by â€Å"adaptation†. The ego also has the characteristic of learning how to deal with expedient changes in the external environment to its advantage through â€Å"activity†. The ego in relation to the id controls the demands of instincts by satisfying them, denying them or postponing them to an appropriate time favorable with the external world. Tensions produced by the stimuli whether internal or external guide the ego. When these tensions are increased it results in unpleasure while their decrease results in pleasure. The ego will generally tend to achieve pleasure and avoid unpleasure. The superego on the other hand represents the influence of dependence on parents during childhood. The id mediates the demands of the superego, while the ego tries simultaneously to satisfy the demands of the id and the ego. Freuds psychoanalytic theory of personality defines conscious psychical ideas, as those one is aware, while preconscious ideas are those that have the potential of becoming conscious. This is in contrast to unconscious ideas, which cannot be explained. Ewen (1998) points out that Freud presented four stages in the sexual development of an individual; oral stage, anal stage, urethra stage, phallic stage and genital stage. The oral stage is characterized through satisfaction through the mouth such as sucking of mothers breast, which the baby gets pleasure. During the anal and urethra stage, the child achieves pleasure through excretion. At the phallic stage, the child is afraid of the father, and sees him as a rival and sexually fantasizes about his mother referred to as the Oedipus stage. The genital stage involves completion of the sexual function to achieve pleasure. Coon (2009) points out that Freud considered that the dynamics of personality involve a conflict of the id, ego and super ego, for example â€Å"the ids demands for immediate pleasure often crash with the superegos mortal restriction† (p.147). An example would be an individual craves for sex. The id will aim to achieve immediate satisfaction, an action that the superego will oppose. The ego on the other hand will be caught in the middle and in an aim to reduce tension; it may lead to actions of courtship. However, the id may overpower the ego and it may give in to seduction while if the superego excels, then the energy will be transferred elsewhere such as sports. In conclusion, it is evident that Freuds psychoanalytic theory of personality argued that humans are not masters of their destiny. This is true according to his arguments that unconscious forces and the fact that the personality of an individual is strongly determined by childhood experiences, govern human behavior. He also stressed that the personality of an individual is shaped by how one deals with sexual urges. Carl Rogers Theory Person-Centered Theory (for personality) The term client-centered therapy is synonymous with Carl Rogers. The humanistic approach philosopher is famous for his theory of personality. Rogers aimed at advising therapists to allow patients to discover their solutions. Through what he refers to as â€Å"unconditional positive regard†, Rogers argues that each individual has the ability to grow and develop, thus influence his/her self-esteem and self-actualization. In order for an individual to achieve this, it becomes imperative for the therapist to accept fully the patient through reflection with the patient. This implies that the patient autonomously dictates the course of the counseling session with the therapist only intervening to assist the patient in identifying certain factors. Rogers theory, although at first widely used in psychotherapy, became referred to as â€Å"person-centered† due to its expansion to other fields such as marriage, education and other diverse professional fields. According to Rogers, the idea behind this approach revolves around what he believes that an individual possesses â€Å"vast resources for self-understanding, for altering his or her self concept, attitudes, and direct behavior†. This makes it possible to tap these resources in a â€Å"definable climate of facilitative psychological attitudes† (Rogers, Kirschenbaum Henderson, 1989 p.135). For this to happen, Rogers highlights three conditions; congruence, unconditional positive regard and emphatic understanding. The first element congruence which also refers to as realness or genuineness implies that if the therapist involves himself more in the relationship without regard to professionalism or personality, then the greater the chance that the client will grow and develop constructively. The second element, unconditional positive regard refers to the creation of a climate suitable for change. This implies that the therapist acts does not judge the person, which greatly enhances the therapeutic process. The third element as Rogers pointed out, is emphatic understanding. According to Jefferies (2005, p.3), he points out that Rogers defined it as â€Å"entering the private perceptual world of the otherbeing sensitive, moment by moment, to the changing felt meanings which flow in this other person† (Rogers 1980, p. 142). This implies that the therapist is supposed to sense and understand the feelings and meanings of the client and has the ability to define and clarify not only those that the client is aware of, but those that may also be unaware.   In addition to the above elements, Rogers also pointed a number of conditions that are required for constructive personality change. The first condition is that of the person coming for help, which is a significant step in acquiring help since the individual realizes that he/she needs help. The next situation involves the counselor setting the goals straight to the client. According to the theory by Rogers, the counselor is supposed to explain to the client that he does not have the answers but he can assist the client to work through the solutions. The counselor will then encourage the client to be free to express his thoughts and this is through the positive, friendly, receptive and interesting environment that the counselor creates. The counselor then takes up to himself to recognize, clarify, and reveal the negative feelings to the client. After the client expresses the negative feelings, positive impulses, which aid in growth, are then created and the counselor has to likewise a ccept and reveal the positive feelings to the client. This paves the way for insight from the client and the counselor paves way for positive action and ideas. This decreases the need for help from the client (Horthersall. 2003). Social Cognitive Theory The social cognitive theory advanced by Albert Bandura, centers on the fact that human behavior can be understood, predicted and changed. The theory takes human development as an embodiment of three forces â€Å"environment conditions (learning), cognitive-personal factors and behavior† (Plotnik and Kouyoumdjian, 2010 p.458). The two authors further point out that cognitive factors involve beliefs, values, expectations, while personal beliefs involve the emotional, biological and genetic makeup of an individual. Behaviors on the other involve a myriad of personal actions such as talking, gesturing among others. Lastly, environmental factors are the social, cultural and economic factors. This is against the backdrop of the psychodynamic theory advanced by Freud, which argues that the personality of an individual is inborn, and Carl Rogerss humanistic theory that argues that humans are generally good. The social cognitive theory advances the notion that we are neither good nor b ad but our personalities are shaped by the three aforementioned factors that Bandura points. Personality development according to the social cognitive theory is shaped by four cognitive processes, which enhance the ability of an individual to develop, grow and change; language ability, observational learning, purposeful behavior and self-analysis. The language ability acts as a powerful means which ideas, goals, values and other factors can be processed and understood. Observational learning allows an individual to imitate and thus enhances the learning process. Purposeful behavior enhances the ability to predict, plan and set goals for events. Lastly, self-analysis acts as an internal process whereby an individual analyzes his thoughts and actions (Plotnik and Kouyoumdjian, 2010 p.459). According to Shaffer and Kipp (2009), â€Å"Bandura emphasizes observational learning as a central developmental process†, this simply implies learning from observation (49). This can be in the form of a child imitating his parents and learning how to speak a language or perform some gestures. Sigelman and Rider (2008) argue that observational learning diverts from conditioning precisely because it involves paying attention, constructing and responding. According to the theory, individuals intrinsically have cognitive control over their actions, a trait manifested during infancy when one realizes they can make things happen, and regulate their actions according to the consequences. This results in the development of self-efficacy. Sigelman and Rider (2008) describe it as the â€Å"belief that one can effectively produce desired outcomes in a particular area of life† (p.43). According to his theory, Bandura refutes the notion of studying rat behaviors instead of human be ings and argues that a human is very sophisticated with regard to cognitive behavior.   Although Banduras idea closely resembles that of social learning theory, he argued that his idea should be referred to as social cognitive theory since his theory centered on â€Å"motivating and self-regulating role of cognition in human behavior† (Sigelman and Rider, 2008 p.42). In Banduras model, an individuals thoughts and actions influence the interaction between the individual and his/her behavior. On the other hand, social influences and the environmental structures, lead to the development of cognitive competencies and belies, which influence the interaction between the individual and the environment. In his model, the interaction between the behavior of an individual and the environment is influenced by how the individual determines the aspects of the environment, which later modify the individuals behavior. Bandura uses the term reciprocal determinism to explain the phenomenon of a human being as being cognitive. This argument is based on his assertions that personalities are not shaped by the environment, nor are they biological, but through reciprocal interactions between the three factors.

Computer Security :: Papers Technology Virus Bugs Cybercrime Essays

Computer Security Computer security is the means by which the computer industry is combating computer crime. This topic was chosen because there is an ever-increasing dependency on computer systems. Any destruction or violation of these systems can cause more damage than ever before. New computer software/hardware is being developed everyday to help protect the computers of today and the systems of tomorrow. Viruses are one of the biggest problems facing IT professionals. More than 45,000 different viruses invade Window's based PC's each year. Within the last year, several of these bugs have caused billions of dollars in damage. Even though Window's is the world's most popular operating system, its many features and ease of use, has left it vulnerable to many cyber threats. Companies such as McAfee and Norton have thousands of programmers working to kill all known viruses. Another problem facing the computer industry is the group of people known as hackers, or crackers. By definition, a hacker is someone who gains illegal entry into a computer system that is not their own for the purpose of stealing and corrupting data. Hackers use your own computer weaknesses against you to gain access into you computer system. Most of the time, the computer user does not even know that there are ways into the system. This is because most of the weaknesses that are exploited are weaknesses that are widely distributed in commercial software. The largest problem that is facing the computer industry as a hole is computer crime in general. The definition of a computer crime is any criminal act that uses a computer as a means of committing the crime. Unauthorized bank and wire transfers account for millions of dollars in losses each year. Computer crime is not always just for profit, sometimes the goal is just destruction. One of the main solutions to computer security problems is a good combination of software and hardware. A business must keep its anti-virus software updated continuously. Software can also be used to restrict the access of users so that they are only using the parts of the system that they have to. This is necessary to prevent any destruction of valuable information either by accident or intentionally. There is also software designed to scan incoming e-mail and attachments for any destructive code. Having a high performance firewall will also help protect your network.

John Stuart Mill And Liberalism Essay

John Stuart Mill (May 20, 1806, Pentonville, England – May 8, 1873, Avignon, France) was one of the greatest and most influential liberal thinkers of the XIX century and also a famous political economist and a Liberal Member of Parliament from 1865 to 1868 (Plank). As a prominent thinker, Mill introduced a new doctrine of liberty and can be considered as a first-rate liberal and a second-rate utilitarian (Reeves). John Stuart Mill (Source: httpwww. liberalinternational. orgeditorial. aspia_id=685) Conceived for the first time as a short essay in 1854, Mill’s famous and enormously influential book On Liberty that he published in 1859 is considered one of the founding philosophical works of classical liberalism and also one of the most fundamental texts on the concept of liberty. In the book which concerns social and civil liberty, the philosopher explores the nature of the power that society can legitimately exercise over individuals, and advocates their moral and economic freedom from the state (John Stuart Mill; John Stuart Mill: Political Philosopher). The most important point and basis for liberty made by Mill in his book is that â€Å"Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign†. Individuals exercise their sovereignty both through their judgment and actions. The main ideas that Mill explains in his On Liberty could be grouped into the following sections. 1. Mill opens his treatise by pointing out that the government is a â€Å"dangerous weapon† if it is not appropriately controlled and if its authority is not limited by the liberty of the citizens. In this way, Mill suggests, citizens will be ruled by a government whose rule is guaranteed against oppression and tyranny. However, at a given stage society develops into democracy â€Å"Page # 2† which does not fear tyranny any longer but where the majority can easily criminalize or marginalize a minority group of society and encroach on their rights or liberty. Mill calls it the â€Å"tyranny of the majority† and believes it is much worse than the tyranny of government because it is easier for individuals to be protected from a tyrant than â€Å"against the tyranny of the prevailing opinion and feeling†. He saw a danger of the old repression of despotic rulers being replaced by â€Å"despotism of custom†. Rules of conduct, thus, would be based on the majority opinion and there would be no protection in law against its tyranny (John Stuart Mill). He emphasizes that social tyranny is the greater danger than political tyranny for modern nations such as Britain (Heydt). As in Mill’s view the prevailing opinions within society are not necessarily the correct opinions on the one hand, and an individual has the right to choose whatever preference for his moral beliefs on the other hand, Mill concludes that this situation is wrong and unjust. In this case, individuals will be harmed, then their sovereignty over themselves will be impaired (John Stuart Mill). 2. Mill argues for a need of rational principle that would govern individuals within society, and thus introduces and explains his so-called harm principle which is supposed to regulate the limits of intervention in an individual’s actions. Individuals can act as they wish as long as their actions do not harm other individuals. Society should not intervene if the action affects only the individuals that undertake it even though these individuals are harming themselves. In Mill’s view, in a civilized community society has the right to legitimately exercise power over any individual against his will only in order to prevent harm to others. However, Mill distinguishes two categories of â€Å"harms†. If an individual fails to pay taxes, rescue another drowning individual, or appear in court to give evidence, then these acts (which he calls acts of omission) should be qualified as harmful and may be regulated. But if individuals give their consent to take risks without fraud or force, for example, by accepting unsafe employment offered by others, this is not considered as harming them (acts of commission). â€Å"Page # 3† In this case, society is not allowed to intervene except when individuals sell themselves into slavery (John Stuart Mill). 3. Children can’t take care of themselves and may instead harm themselves unintentionally. That is why, Mill explains, they do not have sovereignty over themselves, the harm principle can’t be applicable in this case and society is allowed to interfere with them against their will. Barbarians fall into this category, too. Mill states that barbarians can’t be sovereign over themselves and that despotism over them may be justified in cases when the end result is the improvement of their life. But as soon as they become more civilized and have the capability to decide for themselves, they must be given liberty from the government and its tyranny. Good examples of this, Mill illustrates, are Charlemagne and Akbar the Great who compassionately controlled and â€Å"helped† barbarian nations better manage their lives (John Stuart Mill). 4. According to Mill, human liberty includes several components without which individuals can’t be truly free: †¢ Individuals are free to think as they wish, and to feel as they do (the freedom to opinion and of speech). Mills argues that the freedom of speech is necessary for social progress because allowing people to freely express their opinions and ideas, even if they are false, is useful for two reasons. First, in an open exchange of ideas individuals are likely to understand that some of their beliefs may be erroneous and will thus abandon them. Second, in the process of debate individuals reaffirm their beliefs and prevent them from turning into mere dogma. Mill believes that it is important for individuals to understand why their beliefs are true (John Stuart Mill). †¢ Individuals are free to pursue tastes however â€Å"immoral† they may be considered by others so long as they are not harmful to others (John Stuart Mill). â€Å"Page # 4† †¢ Individuals are free to meet with other individuals (the freedom of assembly) (John Stuart Mill). 5. Mill believes that religion should be criticized in the same way as are other systems of thought regardless of the offence that such criticism may cause. One of main purposes which governed Mill’s philosophical endeavours all his life was his commitment to replace Christianity with a Religion of Humanity (Carey). 6. Mill’s liberal ideas made him an advocate of the development of efficient local government and associations and he fiercely opposed central control. He argued for the parents’ obligation to educate their children but disapproved of a central education system run by the state (John Stuart Mill). In what concerns individual freedoms, it is quite important to understand that Mill gives the specific justifications for them because he believes they will promote the progress of civilization and will be good for society. Mill does not regard liberty as a standard of value and does not mention any natural rights of individuals in his discussions. Instead he is mainly concerned with the utility of rights and freedoms of individuals for the social progress (John Stuart Mill; John Stuart Mill: Political Philosopher). Many critics point out that Mill underestimated the important role of social order and custom as a source of security or freedom. His liberalism is also weakened in the eyes of other critics who do not share his extremely optimistic view of human nature. They are particularly pessimistic about his rosy belief that it is humans’ conditioned engagement in a continuous attempt to achieve personal development that results in the existence of diverse personalities and viewpoints (Reeves). Mill is also often criticised for justifying the right of one developed nation to exercise despotism over other underdeveloped nations (or â€Å"barbarians† as he calls them) on the grounds that it brings them the benefits and advantages of higher civilization (John Stuart Mill and Liberal â€Å"Page # 5† Imperialism). Despite criticism, the remarkable greatness of Mill lies in his readiness and willingness to combine both his thoughts and actions. He was a progressive philosopher who was ready to go to jail for his beliefs. It is not surprising then that six years after he published his great book On Liberty, he decided to stand for parliament in order to better implement his beliefs. His most known initiatives include the introduction of an amendment to the Reform bill in a successful attempt to give women equal voting rights; his relentless pursuit of Governor Edward Eyre for having brutally suppressing an uprising in Jamaica; his fierce opposition to the suspension of habeas corpus in Ireland; his successful campaign against an attempt to prohibit demonstrations or meetings in public parks, and many others (Reeves). By and large, Mill’s career as a liberal politician could be regarded as a relative failure. His performance was usually acclaimed, but he often found himself in opposition to the aims and wishes of his electors. He was quite reluctant to compromise with his own principles just to get support of his electorate, and this resulted in his failure to be re-elected in 1868 (John Stuart Mill: Political Philosopher). 200 years after his birth, Mill’s liberalism is still relevant(Source: http://www. prospect-magazine. co. uk/article_details. php? id=7439) Mills was aware that On Liberty as well as many others of his philosophical works raised several important problems, such as the tyranny of â€Å"uniformity in opinion and practice† which would be more faced future generations than were by his own and that some critics believed that these problems were exaggerated because they were looking more at contemporary facts than at existing tendencies (Reeves). It may be argued that the issues that Mill was interested in and consistently dealt with in his time are without a doubt still relevant and important today (Plank). BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. Carey, G. W. The Authoritarian Secularism of John Stuart Mill. Retrieved March 14, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www. nhinet. org/carey15-1. pdf 2. Heydt, C. John Stuart Mill: Overview. Retrieved March 14, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www. iep. utm. edu/m/milljs. htm 3. John Stuart Mill. Retrieved March 14, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill 4. John Stuart Mill and Liberal Imperialism. Retrieved March 14, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www. antiwar. com/stromberg/s051802. html 5. John Stuart Mill: Political Philosopher. Retrieved March 14, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www. john-mill. com/ 6. Plank, B. John Stuart Mill. Retrieved March 14, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www. liberal-international. org/editorial. asp? ia_id=685 7. Reeves, R. John Stuart Mill. Retrieved March 14, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www. prospect-magazine. co. uk/article_details. php? id=7439

Free Essays on Dolphins

, some people have suggested that the animals might be capable of learning a true language and communicating with humans. Most... Free Essays on Dolphins Free Essays on Dolphins How would you like to be able to ask an animal how they are doing and be able to communicate with it? Well even though it sounds kind of goofy, the way things are going right now we should be able to do just that to some extent with dolphins. I knew a little bit about them and did a small amount of research. However, I never went as in depth as I did for this speech. The purpose of this essay is to better inform you on a few of the many things dolphins are capable of doing and what we are doing to them. First Dolphins are very and almost continuously vocal. Second, because dolphins are highly collective and repeat among themselves with a wide range of sounds, it has been supposed that they might have an almost human like intelligence. Finally, what are we doing to the dolphins? Dolphins are very and almost continuously vocal. Dolphins produce two kinds of sounds. One is a mechanism just below the blow-hole allows them to release short, pulse-type sounds, called clicks sound like a buzz. used as a form of sonar, which allow the animal to sense obstacles, other dolphins, fish, and even tiny bits of matter in the water. This is called Echolocation and the military uses dolphins and this ability to help them find water minds. Another type of sound: a high pitched whistle of squeal. Dolphins use the whistles to communicate a particular emotional state and thus influence the behavior of other dolphins. Denote alarm or sexual excitement. Because dolphins are highly social and vocalize among themselves with a wide range of sounds, it has been supposed that they might have an almost human like intelligence. With the ability of dolphins to learn and perform complex tasks in confinement, their continuous communications with one another, and their ability, through training, to roughly copy the sounds of a few human words, some people have suggested that the animals might be capable of learning a true language and communicating with humans. Most...

Grand Tour of Europe in the 17th and 18th Centuries

Grand Tour of Europe in the 17th and 18th Centuries Young English elites of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries often spent two to four years traveling around Europe in an effort to broaden their horizons and learn about language, architecture, geography, and culture in an experience known as the Grand Tour. The Grand Tour began in the sixteenth century and gained popularity during the seventeenth century. Origin of the Grand Tour The term Grand Tour was introduced by Richard Lassels in his 1670 book Voyage to Italy. Additional guidebooks, tour guides, and the tourist industry were developed and grew to meet the needs of the 20-something male and female travelers and their tutors across the European continent. The young tourists were wealthy and could afford the multiple years abroad. They carried letters of reference and introduction with them as they departed from southern England. Dover to Calais The most common crossing of the English Channel (La Manche) was made from Dover to Calais, France (the route of the Channel Tunnel today). A trip from Dover across the Channel to Calais and onto Paris customarily took three days. The crossing of the Channel was not an easy one. There were risks of seasickness, illness, and even shipwreck. Paris, Rome, and Venice Were Not to Be Missed The Grand Tourists were primarily interested in visiting those cities that were considered the major centers of culture at the time - Paris, Rome, and Venice were not to be missed. Florence and Naples were also popular destinations. The Grand Tourist would travel from city to city and usually spend weeks in smaller cities and up to several months in the three key cities. Paris was definitely the most popular city as French was the most common second language of the British elite, the roads to Paris were excellent, and Paris was a most impressive city to the English. Highway Robbers and Letters of Credit A Tourist would not carry much money due to the risk of highway robbers so letters of credit from their London banks were presented at the major cities of the Grand Tour. Many Tourists spent a great deal of money abroad and due to these expenditures outside of England, some English politicians were very much against the institution of the Grand Tour. Paris Apartment and Day Trips Arriving in Paris, a Tourist would usually rent an apartment for weeks to several months. Day trips from Paris to the French countryside or to Versailles (the home of the French monarchy) were quite common. Visiting French and Italian royalty and British envoys was a popular pastime during the Tour. The homes of envoys were often utilized as hotels and food pantries which annoyed the envoys but there wasnt much they could do about such inconveniences brought on by their citizens. While apartments were rented in major cities, in smaller towns the inns were often harsh and dirty. Across the Alps ora Boat on the Mediterranean to Italy From Paris, Tourists would proceed across the Alps or take a boat on the Mediterranean Sea to Italy. For those who made their way across the Alps, Turin was the first Italian city theyd come to and some remained while others simply passed through on their way to Rome or Venice. Rome was initially the southernmost point they would travel. However, when excavations began of Herculaneum (1738) and Pompeii (1748), the two sites became major destinations on the Grand Tour. Other Locations Other locations included as part of some Grand Tours included Spain and Portugal, Germany, Eastern Europe, the Balkans, and the Baltic. However, these other spots lacked the interest and historical appeal of Paris and Italy and had substandard roads that made travel much more difficult so they remained off most itineraries. The Main Activities While the goal of the Grand Tour was educational a great deal of time was spent on more frivolous pursuits such as extensive drinking, gambling, and intimate encounters. The journals and sketches that were supposed to be completed during the Tour were often left quite blank. Upon Return to England Upon their return to England, Tourists were supposedly ready to begin the responsibilities of an aristocrat. The Grand Tour as an institution was ultimately worthwhile for the Tour has been given credit for a dramatic improvement in British architecture and culture. The French Revolution in 1789 marked the end of the Grand Tour for in the early nineteenth century, railroads totally changed the face of tourism and travel across the continent.

Using Simulations in Nursing Education Research Paper

Using Simulations in Nursing Education - Research Paper Example Nursing is not an exception as there are numerous aspects of the study in nursing which cannot be grasped by the students without practical knowledge. Simulation has been used in the nursing domain and health care sector for a long time but there is a need to elevate the frequency and quality of simulation based techniques in nursing in order to completely exploit the benefits (Jun et al., 1999). The three main learning theories which are known as cognitive, social, and constructivist explain the detailed processes through which the learners gain in depth knowledge about any topic while using simulations. This paper will discuss the evidence based depictions generally in health care and then an emphasized study with specific relation to field of Obstetrics, which will explain the effectiveness and importance of using the simulations in nursing education and its positive impact on the patient outcomes. Literature Review The importunate need of the simulation in nursing domain surfaced in late 20th century when the resources were depleting for the health care sector and time restrictions were augmenting. There were loop holes in the skills of the trained nurses which were experienced in the practical fields and the patient outcomes were going through drastic results. ... report, IOM called an emergency meeting of the health sector gurus which passed as resolution with consensus that the human error ratio is because of the weak educational system and the nurses are needed to be equipped with emergency case scenarios and in depth knowledge of different kind of diseases. Simulation provides the best space for the students to learn and practice the medical theories without a fear of harming the patient. Simulation also provides a massive opportunity for the students to test their skills and periodic repetitions of the practical methodological studies. The apprenticeship training processes can be easily performed and the instructors can effectively transmit the changing health patterns to the students by practically showing them the simulations. The sensitivity factors often acts as a major hindrance in the learning process for the nurses (Rutherford-Hemming, 2012). The operative vaginal delivery with forceps and vacuum devices are also being deployed at large in the medical domain of Obstetrics. The neonatal risks are accompanied with the use of vacuum cups, but they are far more efficient in the delivery procedures and are used by a great number of Obstetricians. In the same way some other sectors of Obstetrics such as needle usage amniocentesis and fetal blood sampling  requires a great deal of practice and such cases are not available for the nursing students for practice on hands. Some medics foresaw the importance of simulation in the field of Obstetrics and issues order to embed the low-fidelity models for amniocentesis in the learning and training procedures (Cass et al., 2011). The results were optimal, and patient outcomes were affected in a very positive way after the training and on hands experience of the students on these

Logic in Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Logic in Argument - Essay Example Innovative leaders actively seek means of increasing communication and breaking down interdepartmental barriers between the management and the workers. The actions of doing so range from recreation spaces where open forums can be used for making presentations to physical designing of work. Forums, for example, not only improve the workers’ technical communication, but also make them aware of the skills, achievements and progress of their peer competitors. Such an environment instills the need for creativity through critical thinking (Klemm, 2012). Overspecialization is one way that hinders creative thought. An organizational team with members from diverse backgrounds creates an intellectual environment that has the potential to promote development. An environment with diverse minds has a broad perspective of evaluating problems and getting new ways to the best solutions. Moreover, new projects arise from a combination of technical skills and creativity (klemm, 2012). Bill Simon is one leader who has shown the above-mentioned critical thinking skills. He has been the CEO of Wal-Mart USA stores until his retirement on August this year. Simon joined the company in 2006 as the vice president in charge of professional services. Between 2007 and 2010, he was the chief operating officer. During this period, he created and launched the $4 prescription drug package. In 2010, Simon, made a huge turn around by correcting mistakes in merchandise and pricing. He also restored several items that the company had stopped produced and also succeeded in offering low